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Incremental CapEx Model

Process Plant →

Trigger-based incremental investment tied to production step-ups. Only extra capacity is costed.

LINKED PAGES:Process PlantCapEx LOMMining CostsProduction
LINKED:Process Plant CapEx LOM Mining Costs
EPCM %
Contingency %
Margin $/t
NSR $/t
Unit Opex $/t
Fixed Cost $M/yr
Disc Rate %
Sust CapEx $/t
Sust CapEx $M/yr
Dev DR %
Sust DR %
Incr CapEx (LOM)
$77M
Incr Revenue
$1068M
NPV
$554M
IRR
0%
Payback
2yr
Disc Payback
2yr
ROI
1290%
$/Extra t
$72.45
Cap +
1.06Mt

Mining & Processing Capacity (Mtpa)

Strip Ratio::1 (waste:ore)At 2.64Mtpa ore = 9.2Mtpa total material movement

Mining (D&B + Load & Haul)

Drill & Blast9 / 12 Mtpa
Current: 9MtMax: 12Mt
Load & Haul8.5 / 11 Mtpa
Current: 8.5MtMax: 11Mt
Mining bottleneck: need 9.2Mtpa but current capacity is 8.5Mtpa. Gap: 0.7Mtpa → extra D&B or trucks needed.

Processing Plant

Primary Crushing3.3 / 3.8 Mtpa
Current: 3.3MtMax: 3.8Mt
Grinding (SAG+Ball)3 / 3.5 Mtpa
Current: 3MtMax: 3.5Mt
Flotation3.2 / 3.6 Mtpa
Current: 3.2MtMax: 3.6Mt
Tailings3.5 / 4 Mtpa
Current: 3.5MtMax: 4Mt
Processing OK: 3Mtpa covers 2.64Mtpa target.

Production Targets (Mtpa)

Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10

Equipment Capacity Envelope

EquipmentUnit $MCap tpaCurrentAncillary %Baseline Cap
9.6Mtpa
6.0Mtpa
7.5Mtpa
3.5Mtpa
3.0Mtpa

Incremental CapEx Curve

12.64Mt
$0M+$0M-
22.81Mt
$4.2M+$30.9M2yr
32.97Mt
$4M+$59.89999999999999M2yr
43.14Mt
$36.8M+$90.7M2yr
53.3Mt
$4M+$119.80000000000001M2yr
63.5Mt
$5M+$156.1M2yr
73.7Mt
$22.8M+$192.39999999999998M2yr
83.5Mt
$0M+$156.1M2yr
93.3Mt
$0M+$119.80000000000001M2yr
103Mt
$0M+$65.4M2yr
Incr CapExIncr MarginPayback

Incremental CapEx Justification

Rule: Incremental CapEx should NOT exceed the incremental profit it generates. If CapEx > Margin, the investment destroys value.

YearTarget MtpaStep-UpIncr CapExIncr MarginNet BenefitPaybackJustified?
Y12.64------
Y22.81+170kt$4.2M$30.9M+$27M2yrYES
Y32.97+160kt$4M$59.89999999999999M+$56M2yrYES
Y43.14+170kt$36.8M$90.7M+$54M2yrYES
Y53.3+160kt$4M$119.80000000000001M+$116M2yrYES
Y63.5+200kt$5M$156.1M+$151M2yrYES
Y73.7+200kt$22.8M$192.39999999999998M+$170M2yrYES
Y83.5--$156.1M+$156M2yr-
Y93.3--$119.80000000000001M+$120M2yr-
Y103--$65.4M+$65M2yr-
Overall: JUSTIFIED

Total Incr CapEx: $77M vs Total Incr Margin: $991M = Net: $+$914M

6 years justified — incremental margin exceeds CapEx spend.

Best practice: Only invest when incremental margin covers incremental CapEx within 2-3 years. Years with payback > 3yr should be reviewed.

Units Required by Year (incremental in brackets)

EquipmentY1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6Y7Y8Y9Y10
CAT 785 Truck12121212121212121212
CAT 6030 Excavator2222222222
Atlas Copco D653333333333
Primary Crusher1111112 (+1)222
SAG Mill Module1112 (+1)222222
Incr CapEx $M-$4.2$4$36.8$4$5$22.8---
Cum CapEx $M$0$4.2$8.2$45$49$54$76.8$76.8$76.8$76.8

Sustaining vs Development CapEx

Sustaining CapEx (Steady-State)

Maintains existing ops: equipment replacement, TMF lifts, infrastructure upkeep, safety/compliance.

$/t produced: $5.68
Annual budget: $15M/yr
LOM total: $150M
% of Revenue: 3%

Development (Growth) CapEx

Expands capacity: new pits, plant upgrades, major infrastructure. Justified by incremental NPV/IRR.

Total Dev CapEx: $77M
$/t new capacity: $72.45
IRR of expansion: 0%
NPV of expansion: $554M

Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates

Sustaining DR: 6%Low risk, mandatory spend
Development DR: 12%Higher risk, growth projects
Risk premium: +6%Extra return for expansion risk

Sustaining CapEx (equipment replacement, TMF lifts) discounted at 6% — low risk, predictable. Development CapEx (plant expansion, new pits) discounted at 12% — higher technical/market/permitting risk. The 6% premium ensures growth projects earn above the cost of capital.

Sustaining
Development
Total CapEx: $227M (Sustaining $66% + Development 34%)

Incremental Economics (vs Baseline Y1: 2.64Mtpa)

YearTargetIncr TonnesIncr RevenueIncr OpexIncr CapExIncr CFCum CFDisc CFCum DCF
Y12.64Mt--------
Y22.81Mt0.17Mt$35.9M$5M$4.2M$26.7M$26.7M$22.9M$22.9M
Y32.97Mt0.33Mt$69.6M$9.7M$4M$55.9M$82.6M$44.4M$67.3M
Y43.14Mt0.50Mt$105.5M$14.8M$36.8M$53.9M$136.5M$39.6M$106.9M
Y53.3Mt0.66Mt$139.3M$19.5M$4M$115.8M$252.3M$78.8M$185.7M
Y63.5Mt0.86Mt$181.5M$25.4M$5M$151.1M$403.4M$95.2M$280.9M
Y73.7Mt1.06Mt$223.7M$31.3M$22.8M$169.6M$573M$99M$379.9M
Y83.5Mt0.86Mt$181.5M$25.4M-$156.1M$729.1M$84.3M$464.2M
Y93.3Mt0.66Mt$139.3M$19.5M-$119.8M$848.9M$59.9M$524.1M
Y103Mt0.36Mt$76M$10.6M-$65.4M$914.3M$30.3M$554.4M
NPV: $554M
IRR: 0%
Payback: 2 yr
Disc Payback: 2 yr
ROI: 1290%

Baseline = Y1 production (2.64Mtpa). Incremental = extra tonnes above baseline x NSR - extra opex - incremental CapEx. All values above baseline only.

INCREMENTAL CAPEX - ECONOMICS - IRR - NPV - PAYBACK - CAPACITY ENVELOPE
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